Ethics, Morality and the Internet :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

<cite>"Information" is at best a superficial generic term for a broad range of categories whose forms can be described in terms of genres but whose nature can ultimately only be understood within a larger system of structural relationships and ideologies. The stuff that flows through a given institutional circuitry, then, is not information. The artifacts and media that convey this stuff through the circuitry will change as the institutions change or as technological innovations supply new options for strategic communication.</cite> (Agre) The "Information Superhighway", or internet, is a powerful medium for today's information driven society. From it's humble beginnings as a series of networks established to help the military and government share resources, it has become a place for people to engage in commerce and also for people to interact socially in both business and personal faculties. Along with the excellent opportunities for meaningful communication in this new atmosphere, <cite>the Internet has evolved as an open, democratic cybersociety marked by free speech and volunteerism. It is a community gathering place for people to share ideas, concerns, stories and opinions, and to give help and assistance to one another.</cite> (Mills-Scofield) There has also arisen a series of problems. Whenever any major development in society is conceived, such as when telephones were introduced, problems ensue. The Internet, because of it's modern nature is not really well dealt with when it comes to ex isting ethical and moral issues. Being that the Internet has fostered a new class of community that requires a unique category of moral values and ethical considerations. Things are always going to be dealt with differently when it comes to any revolutionary type of medium. For instance how can interstate trade be regulated by the federal government when it is electronically transmitted information? It is a whole new category, How could the constitution have predicted? Although there are many differences, <cite>The Internet mirrors today's society to a large degree, with its blend of good and bad. Many of the issues facing the U.S. and the world, such as those related to race or gender, for example, are also issues on the Internet. And various subcultures, such as militias, GenX and philosophical movements, are represented.</cite> (Mills- Scofield) They go on further to say, <cite>Like all societies, the Internet has its unwritten rules--its"netiquette .

The Physical Science of a Gun

Lirio Garcia Physical Science E. Martin December 13, 2012 Project: What the physics are of shooting a gun Shooting a gun is mostly the science of motion in the scientific world. One thing that most shooters are aware of is what bullet they want to use and where they want to shot at but most do not know how the gun and bullet work together or even separate. Also, there is no set balance of energy for every gun since the efficiency is mostly based on its structure of caliber and barrel length. While doing my research I have gain knowledge on not only how the gun works but the physics of it as well.I will be discussing what I learned as well as the physics and the physics of the bullet as well when shot up in air. Some topics that I did not know that dealt with shooting a gun are friction, force, conservation of momentum (which helps characterize an object's resistance to change in motion), velocity, kinetic energy, transfer of energy, gravity, heat engines, kinematics (analyzes the pos itions and motions of objects as a function of time), sound, and projectile motion which all work together to make the bullet hit the right target. Also, I was not aware that gun recoil has two parts.Which are primary recoil from the escaping bullet and secondary recoil from the escaping gas behind the bullet. According to Samuel Hokin, the first recoil conserves momentum of the gun-bullet system while the second recoil is larger and comes after when the bullet leaves the gun one is using. Momentum’s equation is p (momentum) equals m (mass) times v (velocity). An example of an equation for momentum ( ) is if the bullet has a mass of 25 and the speed of 60 out of the gun then the equation would be p=25 x 60. Once multiplied, the momentum of this would be 1500.When one pulls the trigger, it makes a force which moves the sear (the piece that holds the hammer which contains potential energy) and lets the hammer fire and is accelerated by gravity which is 9. 8 meters per second sq uared and by the puncture of the primer of the bullet that starts to propellant inside. After this the propellant creates an expanding gas which allows its pressure to get the cartridge’s casing bigger which then is force to push the projectile bullet out of the cartridge casting and through the barrel which then gets out of the gun.Shooting any type of gun uses Newton’s Third Law which says that every force has an equal and opposite reaction on different objects since forces always exists in pairs. This force can be found from the equation Force = mass x acceleration. For example if the shooter is shooting a . 50 caliber they should be careful because since the recoil force of that gun is way to big then it can dislocate or seriously injure their shoulder. If one does decided to use this gun then it should be used with a muzzle brake so it could reduce the force of the recoil.This helps by changing the bullet’s projectile motion but the conservation of the mome ntum will always be the same. When doing calculations for this with a mass of 20 mg and an acceleration of 100 m/s 2 Works Cited Binder, Madeline. â€Å"How Physics Affects Rifle Shooting. † Articlesbase. com. Articlesbase. com, n. d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. articlesbase. com/education-articles/how-physics-affects-rifle-shooting-1623110. html;. Hokin, Samuel. â€Å"The Physics of Everyday Stuff – Gun Recoil. † The Physics of Everyday Stuff – Gun Recoil.N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. bsharp. org/physics/recoil;. â€Å"Physics: Kinematics in One Dimension. † Physics: Kinematics in One Dimension. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/Kinematics-in-One-Dimension. topicArticleId-10453,articleId-10415. html;. â€Å"Physics of Rifle Recoil :: Physics Recoil Gun Guns. † Physics of Rifle Recoil :: Physics Recoil Gun Guns. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. 123helpme. com/physics-o f-rifle-recoil-view. asp? id=153487;. The Physical Science of a Gun Lirio Garcia Physical Science E. Martin December 13, 2012 Project: What the physics are of shooting a gun Shooting a gun is mostly the science of motion in the scientific world. One thing that most shooters are aware of is what bullet they want to use and where they want to shot at but most do not know how the gun and bullet work together or even separate. Also, there is no set balance of energy for every gun since the efficiency is mostly based on its structure of caliber and barrel length. While doing my research I have gain knowledge on not only how the gun works but the physics of it as well.I will be discussing what I learned as well as the physics and the physics of the bullet as well when shot up in air. Some topics that I did not know that dealt with shooting a gun are friction, force, conservation of momentum (which helps characterize an object's resistance to change in motion), velocity, kinetic energy, transfer of energy, gravity, heat engines, kinematics (analyzes the pos itions and motions of objects as a function of time), sound, and projectile motion which all work together to make the bullet hit the right target. Also, I was not aware that gun recoil has two parts.Which are primary recoil from the escaping bullet and secondary recoil from the escaping gas behind the bullet. According to Samuel Hokin, the first recoil conserves momentum of the gun-bullet system while the second recoil is larger and comes after when the bullet leaves the gun one is using. Momentum’s equation is p (momentum) equals m (mass) times v (velocity). An example of an equation for momentum ( ) is if the bullet has a mass of 25 and the speed of 60 out of the gun then the equation would be p=25 x 60. Once multiplied, the momentum of this would be 1500.When one pulls the trigger, it makes a force which moves the sear (the piece that holds the hammer which contains potential energy) and lets the hammer fire and is accelerated by gravity which is 9. 8 meters per second sq uared and by the puncture of the primer of the bullet that starts to propellant inside. After this the propellant creates an expanding gas which allows its pressure to get the cartridge’s casing bigger which then is force to push the projectile bullet out of the cartridge casting and through the barrel which then gets out of the gun.Shooting any type of gun uses Newton’s Third Law which says that every force has an equal and opposite reaction on different objects since forces always exists in pairs. This force can be found from the equation Force = mass x acceleration. For example if the shooter is shooting a . 50 caliber they should be careful because since the recoil force of that gun is way to big then it can dislocate or seriously injure their shoulder. If one does decided to use this gun then it should be used with a muzzle brake so it could reduce the force of the recoil.This helps by changing the bullet’s projectile motion but the conservation of the mome ntum will always be the same. When doing calculations for this with a mass of 20 mg and an acceleration of 100 m/s 2 Works Cited Binder, Madeline. â€Å"How Physics Affects Rifle Shooting. † Articlesbase. com. Articlesbase. com, n. d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. articlesbase. com/education-articles/how-physics-affects-rifle-shooting-1623110. html;. Hokin, Samuel. â€Å"The Physics of Everyday Stuff – Gun Recoil. † The Physics of Everyday Stuff – Gun Recoil.N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. bsharp. org/physics/recoil;. â€Å"Physics: Kinematics in One Dimension. † Physics: Kinematics in One Dimension. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/Kinematics-in-One-Dimension. topicArticleId-10453,articleId-10415. html;. â€Å"Physics of Rifle Recoil :: Physics Recoil Gun Guns. † Physics of Rifle Recoil :: Physics Recoil Gun Guns. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. 123helpme. com/physics-o f-rifle-recoil-view. asp? id=153487;.

Anatomy, Evolution, and Homologous Structures

If youve ever wondered why a human hand and a monkeys paw look similar, then you already know something about homologous structures. People who study anatomy define these structures as a body part of one species that closely resembles that of another. But you dont need to be a scientist to understand that recognizing homologous structures can be useful not just for comparison, but for classifying and organizing the many different kinds of animal life on the planet. Scientists say these similarities are evidence that life on earth shares a common ancient ancestor from which many or all other species have evolved over time. Evidence of this common ancestry can be seen in the structure and development of these homologous structures, even if their functions are different. Examples of Organisms The more closely organisms are related, the more similar the homologous structures are. Many mammals, for example, have similar limb structures. The flipper of a whale, the wing of a bat, and the leg of a cat are all very similar to the human arm, with a large upper arm bone (the humerus in humans) and a lower part made of two bones, a larger bone on one side (the radius in humans) and a smaller bone on the other side (the ulna). These species also have a collection of smaller bones in the wrist area (called carpal bones in humans) that lead into the fingers or phalanges. Even though the bone structure may be very similar, function varies widely. Homologous limbs can be used for flying, swimming, walking, or everything humans do with their arms. These functions evolved through natural selection over millions of years. Homology When Swedish botanist  Carolus Linnaeus was formulating his system of taxonomy to name and categorize organisms in the 1700s, how the species looked was the determining factor of the group in which the species was placed. As time passed and technology advanced, homologous structures became more important in deciding the final placement on the phylogenetic tree of life. Linnaeuss taxonomy system places species into broad categories. The major categories from general to specific are kingdom,  phylum,  class,  order,  family,  genus, and  species. As technology evolved, allowing scientists to study life at the genetic level, these categories have been updated to include domain, the broadest category  in the taxonomic  hierarchy. Organisms are grouped primarily according to differences in ribosomal  RNA  structure. Scientific Advances These changes in technology have altered the way scientists categorize species. For example, whales were once classified as fish because they live in the water and have flippers. After it was discovered that those flippers contained homologous structures to human legs and arms, they were moved to a part of the tree more closely related to humans. Further genetic research has demonstrated that whales may be closely related to hippos. Bats were originally thought to be closely related to birds and insects. Everything with wings was put into the same branch of the phylogenetic tree. After more research and the discovery of homologous structures, it became apparent that not all wings are the same. Even though they have the same function—to make the organism able to get airborne—they are structurally very different. While the bat wing resembles the human arm in structure, the bird wing is very different, as is the insect wing. Scientists realized that bats are more closely related to humans than to birds or insects and moved them to a corresponding branch on the phylogenetic tree of life. While the evidence of homologous structures has long been known, it has just recently been widely accepted as evidence of evolution. Not until the latter half of the 20th century, when it became possible to analyze and compare DNA, could researchers reaffirm the evolutionary relatedness of species with homologous structures.